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Imperative

Conjugation of the imperative

The imperative is formed simply with: the infinitive of the verb without to

Person	Conjugation
2nd person singular You
2nd person singular You

Extending the imperative: Let

Conjugation

Contractions

Without contraction	Contracted
Let us	Let's

The negation of the imperative

Structure:

do not + infinitive verb  out of to

do not eat meat on Fridays

Let's not play

Contractions

Without contraction	Contracted
do not	don't

Courtesy

please

Affirmative prayer:

please + infinitive verb  out of to

please come in

Negative Prayer:

please + do not + infinitive verb  out of to

please do not come in

Using the Imperative

The imperative is used to:

Give orders or instructions

Come back!

Give advice

Don't swim after eating

HOW

Using adverb HOW

            How much + noun

            How much sugar do you need?

            How much flour do you put in the cake? 

How much

·         How much? 

·         How much is this?

·         How much is the milk? 

How much is used for uncountable nouns.

How many

·         How many 

·         How many eggs are there?

·         How many bowls do you have?

How many is used for countable nouns.

 

Other uses of the adverb "how":

"How old"

·         How old are you? 

·         How old is this vanilla extract?

"How long"

·         How long are you going to stay? 

·         For how long are you going to bake the cake? 

·         For how long are you going to mix the ingredients? 

Perfect Present and Adverbs

The structure of the present perfect in English is:

[SUBJECT] + have/has + [PARTICIPLE VERB]

Conjugación	Significado
I have played	yo he jugado
you have played	tú has jugado
he has played	él ha jugado
we have played	nosotros hemos jugado
you have played	vosotros habéis jugado
they have played	ellos han jugado

Construction of the participles

Regular verbs form the past participle is adding "-ed".

play➜played

But must take into account some considerations:

   

Irregular Verbs

Verb	Participle
to go	gone
to make	made

Participle in verbs ending in "e"

Regular verbs ending with "e" form their participle simply adding a "d".

Verb	Participle
to use	used
to excuse	excused

Denial in the present perfect

 [SUBJECT] + have/has + not + [PARTICIPLE VERB]

He has not played well

I have not eaten in 2 days

The question in the present perfect

Have/has + [SUBJECT] + [PARTICIPLE VERB]?

Conjugación

have I done?

have you done?

has he done?

have we done?

have you done?

have they done?

 [INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE] +have+ [SUBJECT] + [PARTICIPLE VERB]?

What have you done?

Use of the present perfect

• Actions that started in the past and have not finished in present.

I have not slept in the past two days

• Actions that began and ended in the past but continues its effect on the present.

I am not hungry because I have eaten an apple

I have bought a car

• Actions that began and ended in the past but the caller has placed the action in a time interval not finished. This situation of the action in a time interval not finished building requires prayer present perfect:

I have been in USA this year

I was in USA last year

Particles used in "Present Perfect"

Just

We have just eaten and we are not hungry

Already

I have already ordered the books

Yet

Have you ordered her book yet?

No, I have not ordered her book yet

Ever

Have you ever seen a camel crying?

Still

Sharon is still waiting for Bill's reply to her letter

     Lately

George hasn't been feeling well lately.

     Recently

They've traveled to Europe recently.

     For

 I have known him for three years.

     Since

She has been very generous since the day she won the lottery.

     Ago

The concert happened a long time ago

Ordinals Numbers

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